Which Is Best, Pull-Out or Push-In Interventions?

  • 09 March, 2019
  • 13 Comments

Teacher question:

My district is looking to improve our current intervention model. Currently, our reading interventionists operate on a pull-out model. However, we have heard that a push-in model can be be more effective so are interested in moving in that direction. What does the research say about the effectiveness of pull-out versus push-in for reading intervention? If one is more effective than the other, what would that entail?  

Shanahan response:

When people tell you that you should adopt a model or approach that they like because it is more “effective” you should ask to see their evidence.

I went looking for research on “push in” interventions. There is, of course, a lot of research data showing that various pull out interventions have worked at improving reading achievement. However, I could find only one study on push in interventions and it was carried out 15 years ago. It was very small and preliminary study that did no more than “suggest the possibility” that such an approach could be beneficial. Too little to go on.

(If your colleagues have found any such studies, please send them along).

There seem to be two different versions of push in reading.

One is the idea of the teacher who essentially “shadows” certain students providing them with assistance as necessary (e.g., keeping them attentive, adding explanation when needed, closely monitoring student seatwork, etc.). The point of this kind of push-in teacher is to ensure that the struggling students fully participate in and benefit from the regular classroom teaching. (This model seems to be most common with physical handicaps and severe cognitive difficulties, but I’ve seen it with minimal disabilities as well. More on this in a minute,)

Another, version relegates the is the push-in teacher to the role of parallel teaching. This teacher works with a small group of students in their classroom, providing them with alternative instruction. While, the classroom teacher works with the more advantaged small groups, the push-in teacher is dealing with the more challenged teachers. With this approach kids don’t lose time walking down the hall to the intervention teacher, and they don’t suffer the discomfort and disconnect from classmates common with pull-out programs.

I’ve personally only seen any push-in model in practice once in my career… and it was one of the worst observational experiences of my life. The problems were so stark as to be the stuff of goofball comedy.

The push-in teacher instead of helping her charges to better understand and learn from the classroom instruction, seemed to be in competition with the general education teacher. At one point she literally got up and erased what the teacher had written on the chalkboard! Obviously, a horrible example, so horrible that I can’t imagine that it could go any worse in your district. In any event, if you decide to go the push-in route, you’d better make sure the teachers can work well together and that they have a shared vision of what’s needed to advance children’s learning.

For reading instruction, the alternative teaching approach makes the greatest sense. If the classroom teacher is devoting an hour to small group teaching, then each of the three groups might get about 20 minutes of attention per day. With the push in model, perhaps the two more advantaged groups could get 30 minutes each, and the strugglers could receive a full hour of actual teaching. That could be terrific.

With the neediest kids, I usually advise going with approaches that have done especially well in the research studies. Given the dearth of evidence on this approach—and the large amount of positive support for various kinds of pull-out efforts—I’d not argue for push in.My hunch is that if I could pull out a small group and teach them separately, I could do more successful job of teaching these kids effectively and could build better upon the classroom teaching.

However, if your colleague carried the day, I’d insist that the alternative teaching route be taken, and make sure that the children served by the push-in teacher receive substantially more instruction than would usually be possible.

Maybe push in can work even better than pull out, but I will need at least a small amount of research that actually supports this alternative. Until then, I’d recommend using any approach that maximizes the amount of teaching that the children are going to receive.

Comments

See what others have to say about this topic.

Kyle Kerr May 09, 2019 01:50 AM

I wish this post had discussed inclusive eduction. I'm a believer in inclusion in principle, but I'd like to know more about the evidence of its effects vs. other strategies like push-in and pull-out. I'd also like to understand inclusion's effects on kids without special needs and teacher quality. My guess is that it would improve both, but that's just a guess. Thanks for your perspective!

Julie May 19, 2019 10:14 PM

After 27 years of teaching & two thirds of it as a Title 1 Reading Teacher,I know push in makes no sense for low students. Getting those students out of the room with less distractions & direct instruction is best. Plus it leaves the teacher with less students that they can work with at their levels in reading.

Hillary Boogaard Feb 24, 2020 06:15 PM

The push-in model is difficult whenever the classroom has an alternative seating arrangement made by the teacher. It's hard to get to/shadow certain students sometimes. Also, when I aided in the push-in model, the students were more uncomfortable than if I took them out of the classroom into a smaller work room. Finally, secondary classrooms can get very overcrowded from lack of space and 30+ students plus extra teachers and aides. I truly believe pulling students out and doing a small group activity in the school's library or extra work room is highly effective for the students, intervention teacher, and the main classroom teacher alike.

Jeannie Hinyard Apr 28, 2021 03:32 AM

I worked in a school with a push-in intervention model and it was AWFUL. The principal felt that we would not lose any instructional time as the teaches moved from room to room, not the students. At times, in a kindergarten class, we actually had three teachers each teaching a group of students and the competing noise of 3 voices teaching at once was unbearable. The students could not concentrate because of the distraction of other children in other groups reading out loud and answering questions or teachers instructing. I might be teaching the sound of /m/ and the students would answer /s/ because that is what one of the other groups was working on and they were listening to them. In a third grade class, one of the students put his hands over his ears and frustratingly exclaimed, "I can't think!" After half a year of this chaos, I convinced the principal to let me pull students into my room. We had huge progress after that.

Jan McGinnis Nov 01, 2021 03:22 PM

I have taught with both settings and have found that systematic, focused pull out instruction in a quiet setting with few distractions is far more effective the reasons that have been mentioned. A student that struggles with reading needs to read aloud and receive feedback and direct instruction for decoding issues and coaching for comprehension issues. This not happen in the push in model because there are too many distractions and students are embarrassed when they are singled out in front of their peers. Good quality remediation in a pull out setting can result in independence in less than two school years. The push in model requires over a decade of interventions and rarely, if ever, results in a skill level that allows a student to become an independent learner.

Carrie Kelly Sep 13, 2022 04:58 PM

My administrators have encourage myself and my team to try pushing in 2 days a week. The premise is that we have many students, including English language learners, who need more support during core content time. But there's only so many students we can see during the alotted intervention time. Plus, ELD students are getting pulled for other services. So we push in 2 times a week, with the intent to support (all) students in the classrooms, including our RTI students. That leaves us with 3 days/week to pull students out with higher needs for interventions. We average about 20 minutes, 3 days a week for those students. Is that enough? Research seems to be all over the place saying 60 minutes a week, 120 minutes a week, etc. I just don't know!

Honestly I like the idea of pushing into classes because I feel more in tune with the curriculum (CKLA), and I have a better grasp on what instruction looks like. Plus I have a better idea of where students are at, and the expectations. But I'm getting push back from some teachers claiming we aren't giving our intervention students enough time. Thoughts?

And if you're ever in the Denver area, please come and visit. I'm a huge fan and could use some guidance!

Timothy Shanahan Sep 13, 2022 06:21 PM

Carrie--

As usual in a case like this one, the devil is in the details. The further behind the students are (and for EL students, the less English they have), the more potentially beneficial one would expect a pull out program to be. I know of no research on how many minutes are needed -- practically, pull outs tend to be limited to about 30 minutes per day (not because that is best, but to minimize disruption and to make use of available resources). Again, the needier the kids the more time the better. Unlike the classroom, that has to try to deal with all needs of all students, an interventionist can be more targeted -- "I'm only going to work on teaching English with this group. I'm only going to work with this group on phonics until they get to ..." etc.

thanks.

tim

Sarah Brooks May 17, 2023 03:15 AM

Can you please point me in the direction of where you found the research about the push-in vs. pull-out models of intervention? I am doing some research on this topic and am having difficulties finding information.

Timothy Shanahan May 17, 2023 12:02 PM

Sarah--

I usually conduct my searches through PsyInfo. Search for push in, pull out, intervention, reading.

tim

Cathy Koesters Jul 05, 2024 03:52 PM

As a K-2 Intervention Specialist I do pull-out, but I'm considering doing a day of push in once a week. I'm curious to see how my students engage in the gen ed classroom but it's summer and I haven't figured out the details yet. Also, I have some severe behavior issues with three students coming up this year. I discovered that seeing emotionally disturbed students on the hour is better than checking in at the end of the day. My plan is to schedule behavior check-ins on the hour. The student's will have the opportunity to leave the classroom for a 5 minute break with their choice of activity: balls, magnetic boards, or step-by-step drawing on the white board. I welcome any feedback!

Timothy Shanahan Jul 05, 2024 04:24 PM

Cathy--

I particularly like your idea of those hourly check ins rather than at the end of the day. I've often thought that teachers should plan on that when they switch groups in reading instruction. Instead of going from group to group, reserving a few minutes to check in with the kids who have not been getting teacher attention/guidance for a while.

tim

Timothy Shanahan Oct 10, 2024 10:14 PM

Jessica--

Sorry, I know of no new research on that.

tim

Jessica Auman Oct 10, 2024 10:06 PM

I am a first grade teacher and we use the Collaborative Teaching Model (all push-in interventions) in my district. I am also looking for more research on push-in vs pull out because we are currently shopping for a new reading curriculum. I prefer pull out because my students who struggle the most simply get distracted when other things are going on around them. Our tier 3 students get 1 hour of interventions broken up into 30 minute blocks per day. They also get another 30 minutes with a para per day. Tier 2 students get 30 minutes of intervention and 20 minutes of small group reading with the classroom teacher. What are the core students doing during this time? I'll tell you...independent work, an hour of it, and it hurts my soul. It sounds like we have to stick to the collaborative teaching model. Many teachers really want CKLA Amplify but there is a lot of whole group direct instruction that goes along with that which goes against our current push-in model. Thoughts? Did you find anymore research?

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Which Is Best, Pull-Out or Push-In Interventions?

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