Teacher question:

I attended one of your recent presentations. You cited the Hart & Risley canard that there is a 30 million-word gap. Aren’t you aware that study has been rejected? There is no word gap. Poverty kids have as much language support as other kids.

Shanahan response:

Research can get things wrong.

That’s why researchers—unlike practitioners and policymakers—are usually so interested in themethods of a study. Study a problem one way, you get one answer. Study it another way,perhaps a different answer emerges. Try to understand why the two studies diverged and youstart to gain a deeper understanding of the problem.

That’s why I don’t like the term “findings” in research studies. “Results” is the more accurateterm. Even with qualitative studies that my claim no results, just findings, because they onlywatch and record and don’t intervene… yet, how one observes and records can influenceoutcomes, so even those kinds of studies have results.

In the 1990s, Hart and Risley published a widely disseminated study in which they collectedlanguage data on 42 families (some of these were upper socioeconomic status, some  were working class, and some were families on welfare). Over 2.5 years, on a monthly basis, theytape recorded young children’s (7-9 months to 3 years) language environments.

They found that children were spoken to much more often in the upper income householdsthan in the poverty households, and extrapolating across the children’s waking hours, they concluded that there was a 30 million-word gap. Some kids were having a lot more language experience. They measured other more qualitative aspects of these children’s language environments, as well, but the 30 million words became a symbol or summary of the whole study, which has been hugely influential of policy and research.

As the questioner above notes, recently there has been some new evidence on young children’s early language environments. This summer, Child Development, published an article by Sperry, Sperry, & Miller (2018). Basically, it concluded that there were big differences in home language environments, but that these were equally distributed across the different socioeconomic strata. Some kids were definitely hearing fewer words than others, but those language-deprived children weren’t necessarily poverty kids.

That study got a lot of play because it claimed to be a replication of the original study (itincluded 42 families as well). However, it was so different from Hart & Risley’s investigationthat I think replication to be the wrong description. For example, the biggest differences inH&R’s results were between the high SES kids and those growing up on welfare—that’s wherethe 30 million-word gap came from (working class and welfare differences were much lower),and yet this new study didn’t include a higher income sample. That means the varied results ofthese studies might have come about simply because the newer study didn’t examine kids fromsufficiently divergent backgrounds. (That would argue that Hart & Risley were on tosomething.)

In the original study, the researchers went to the houses with tape recorders and sat there foran hour. There has been great concern that placing a PhD in the households of low-incomefamilies like that might be suppressing their language use. Let’s face it. Anyone observed likethat might be inhibited (I think I would be—I imagine whispering), and some speculate that thiswould be especially true for low income/low education parents (and there is researchsuggesting that this kind of inhibition does take place).

There are things that can be done to limit or reduce this reticence (like having observers staylonger so those being observed get used to their presence or making sure the observers are ofthe same race as those being watched, etc.), and this new study made better use of suchmethods. Perhaps the original observation techniques discouraged talking in some families andencouraged it in others. If so, then one might conclude that Sperry and company are correct.The problem with that conclusion is it seems to assume that the only study reporting alanguage gap was the Hart & Risley investigation. Sperry et al. weren’t the only ones exploringthese waters and some of those other studies have also reported the gap. To my way ofthinking, the best study on this so far is one reported by Gilkerson, et al., in 2017. They used technology instead of potentially-intrusive observers and collected a whopping 49,765 hours of recording from 329 families (more than the Hart and Sperry investigations combined). That study reported a much smaller word gap than the one Hart & Risley claimed, but unlike Sperry, et al. it did identify a sizable gap (and with a much larger population, studied much less intrusively and more thoroughly).

Gilkerson claimed “only” a 4 million-word gap between those highly educated, high SES parents and those much less educated low SES ones. Four million words ain’t chopped liver! Spread over two years (these kids were observed from age 2 to 4), it would be like hearing a 55 minute a day speech from mom (spoken at 100 wpm… which is slightly slower than conversational speech, which makes sense for talking to a 2-year-old). But let’s face it…. No matter how much money or education you have, no one is going to give a 55-minute speech to a baby… there will be a lot more interaction… which would mean literally additional hours of daily conversation between parent and toddler.

The Sperry et al. study also made a big to-do about the differences in ambient language. That’s the language that was not spoken to the children themselves, but that was in thei renvironment. If Aunt Edna is yacking away on her I-Phone while young Egbert is playing nearby his language might be getting a real shot in the arm, according to Sperry et al. Hart & Risley only counted words spoken to the child (and that was true of Gilkerson et al., too). One reason Sperry’s team found no difference was because of the language emanating from the TV sets and fugitive background conversations of adults who were not talking to the kids. But as Golinkoff et al. (2018) point out, the notion that ambient language has a big effect on language development (compared to language spoken directly to the child) has been rejected on the basis of direct study. Despite the methodological problems evident in the original Hart & Risley work, analyzing the language spoken to the children instead of what might have beenoverheard from the TV in the next room was not one of them.

Finally, it should be pointed out that studies have shown that early language differences matter in later reading performance (Golinkoff, et al., 2018; National Early Literacy Panel, 2008). And, that the specific low language environment children in the Hart & Risley study, when followed later into school, were specifically found to be at a learning disadvantage (Hart & Risely, 2003).

What that all means is that there is good reason to believe that many young children are notreceiving sufficient language learning support during the preschool years, and that this insufficiency is implicated in later reading problems. High education, high income families appear to be more able to provide this kind of early language support, than low education, low income families can. And, it is possible to provide aid and encouragement to families that allows them to narrow this significant gap (no matter its actual size) (National Early Literacy Panel, 2008).

You are definitely correct that the Hart & Risley study has been under fire and it is far from a perfect study. Nevertheless, the results of this body of research continue to suggest that what parents do in the home with their children matters educationally (which is why I was using the study), and that they (and we) ought to be doing more to support their children’s early language learning. And, despite the limitations to the Hart & Risley study, environmental differences (as opposed to genetic ones) still seems to be the best explanation of why poverty kids are underprepared when they start to receive reading instruction.